Social networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social networking - Essay Example According to Gabler, the fact that Facebook exists, and that people make friends on this social networking site, does not mean that they make real friends. Indeed, because of the development of virtual friendships between individuals who are not in any way related has created a situation where there is no interpersonal relationships that have traditionally defined friendship. In arguing his case, Gabler goes as far as stating that Facebook offers what he terms as ‘friendship lite’ where individuals who claim to be friends do not have any personal relationships or any shared history that they can look back upon. There has developed a tendency among many individuals to want to become famous through social networking. This has been through their having more friends on these social networking sites than others, making having these friends a sort of popularity contest. The need to be popular within social networks has come to be termed as being pathetic because of the belief that individuals have ceased living a real life and have instead gone virtual. The fact that these individuals have chosen to live a virtual life has been detrimental not only for their own social development, but for individuals who have their own families, it has had an adverse effect on their children as well (Daly 480).

Lincoln electric case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lincoln electric case study - Essay Example Managers respect the production workers. They are also respected and valued for their contribution to the company’s business. The fact that the worker’s contribution is no less than that of the management towards the growth of the organisation is recognized and acknowledged by each of its member. Decentralized approach has made it possible even for the workers to challenge the management in case of wrong and unfair decisions. They can voice their opinion in case they feel that a certain decision taken by the management is unfair, or likely to bring negative effects on the organisation. Most of the workers are fresh pass-outs from schools when they are absorbed by the organisation and are provided the required training to perform various functions. Some of them are promoted to the position of executives because Lincoln believes in promoting employees from within the organisation and not from outside. The major reasons that can be attributed to the success of Lincoln are its quality standards and its responsibity towards its workers. Both these aspects have gone a long way to make this system extremely successful. The company focuses primarily on the welfare of its employees and their performance levels automatically improve. Workers are paid according to the piece rate system and rewarded for their performance. It is strictly ensured that they exceed their performance goals in order to achieve maximum pay. They are encouraged to put in their best efforts and rewarded accordingly. This company provides so much support to its employees that it has become their second home which bars them from leaving the company. Success of the organization in United States called for the process of diversifying its roles in foreign countries. Lincoln decided to purchase a number of plants in Japan, South America and also in some of the European countries. It

Ethical Issues Working with Youth

Ethical Issues Working with Youth To what extent can researchers plan for ethical issues when working with children and young people? People often think of ethics or morals, as a rule for distinguishing between what is right and wrong. Something that springs to mind, is the saying; Do unto others as you would have them do unto you or the religious creed of the Ten Commandments, Thou Shalt not kill. This is a common way of defining ethics and the norms for conduct that distinguish between unacceptable and acceptable behaviour. Most people learn ethical norms within the home, at school or in other educational settings. Majority of people acquire their sense of right and wrong during their childhood as moral development occurs throughout life. Simply because as human beings, we pass through different stages of growth as we mature. Ethical norms can be classed as ubiquitous, simply because one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. A plausible explanation of these disagreements is that as humans, we can recognise some common ethical norms, but majority of individuals may apply and interpret these norms in different ways in respect of their own life experiences and own values. Our society has legal rules that govern behaviour, but ethical norms can be broader and more informal than laws. However, most societies use laws to enforce moral standards and ethical and legal rules use similar concepts, it is however crucial to point out that law and ethics are not the same. For example, an action could be classed as legal, but illegal or unethical, but ethical. Society also uses ethical concepts and principles to interpret laws, evaluate and criticise. Within the last century, citizens were urged to disobey laws in order to protest what they classed as unjust laws that were immoral. Within research with children and young people there are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms. Firstly, it promotes the aims of research and examples include, truth, avoidance and knowledge such as misrepresenting research data promote the truth, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying and avoid error. Second, is that research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination amongst different people in different institutions and disciplines. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, which include fairness, trust, accountability and mutual respect. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship, data protection policies, and confidentiality rules are designed to protect intellectual property interests, but still encouraging collaboration amongst the institutions. Therefore, researchers want to receive credit for their work and contributions to be disclosed prematurely and do not want to have their ideas stolen. Third and the main standard is that many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. Many of the norms with research are that it promotes a variety of other important moral and social values, for example social responsibility, human rights, compliance with the law, and health and safety. Critically, ethical lapses in research can significantly harm humans, students and the public. A researcher who may fabricate data in a clinical trial could harm patients and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines, as set out in the ethical standards, could jeopardise his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students in relation to radiation or biological safety. Consequently, ethics are often a matter of trying to find a balance between opposite extremes. Ethical research with children has changed significantly in the past 30 years and modern standards of research ethic may considerably depend on modern transparent research methods and a respectful relationship between children and researchers. During the 1947s lawyers stressed the dangers of research and insisted that willing consent should be obtained, although it was presumed that children were too young to give consent and consequently banned from participating from research. Traditionally, children were not allowed to consent for themselves for medical Children traditionally were not allowed to consent for themselves in terms of medical procedures and even for the simplest procedures. Today, there are three approved models of consent for children. First, children who are classed as competent, which are sometimes called minors may provide consent on their own. Second, children may provide an assent with parental consent and third, some children, due to their developmental stage or age cannot provide consent until parental consent is sought. Critically, this can raise serious ongoing challenges and some of the difficulties can arise from assessing competence, best interests as well as, motivations. As well as dealing with conflict between children, parents and or with children and youth, many of which may be living on the street or in a crisis situation, to name just a few examples. Children are traditionally considered more vulnerable than adults and this is because of their lack of competence to take part in making decisions. This could be especially around complex issues, such as health care and inclusion, in research. This vulnerability means that parents/ guardians, educators and health care professionals must be trusted to act in their best interests and make decisions for them. Moreover, this vulnerability has often meant that some children are simply excluded from research which is often in short-sighted attempts to protect them from harm. Consequently, this has resulted in excluding children from research and in research, failed to learn about children and to develop better and new ways to treat, approach and protect them. Alderson (2004) states that Ethicists teach the rules for ethical research are based on three main ways of thinking about what is good research: the principles of doing good research because it is right and correct thing to do. Rights based research involves respect and childrens rights, such as providing for basic needs for example, healthcare and education. Protection from child abuse and discrimination and participation is vital during ethical research in having their own views listened to and respected by adults. This is based on good research, rather then relying wholly on adult principles and values. The best outcomes based ethics basically means, working out how to avoid or reduce harm and costs. Researchers may produce very misleading results that are produced in policies that could damage childrens lives. Researchers may upset children by worrying them by making false promises or betray them. Critically, moral questions about power, honesty and respecting people can arise throughout the research process. Although a problem, often seldom mentioned by ethicists, is a risk on published research reports that increase stigma and disadvantage children and young adults. However, these reports can help researchers address such risks and problems and learn how to deal with them. An actual research that wasnt properly planned and a particular ethical issue uncovered was when, as stated by Dennis, 2009 A Japanese graduate student, was translating at a parent/teacher conference and the teacher asked her to pass along comments to the parents that Hanakos thought were rude. She did not want to do it. She intervened covertly because she did not pass along the comments as they had been expressed by the teacher, but she pretended to do so. She tried to make the point the teacher was making, but in a much more polite, positive, and from Hanakos perspective, acceptable way. Critically, this issue would have failed to demonstrate the teachers irritation and pose an ethical risk, as this interpersonal intervention was not inclusive. It could pose a potential harm, as it failed to promote moral and social values and follow ethical standards that promote the values that are crucial to collaborative work, such as mutual respect and trust, especially when working with child ren and young people. Another actual research that the researcher planned well for ethical issues was that off, Naz Rassool. Rassool (2004) was interested in working with a group of 14 and 15 year olds that raised several ethical and practical issues. Rassool felt that the pupils should not be exploited emotionally due to the nature of the work as the pupils were in a critical phase of their development. The research had to be very sensitive through its investigations of identity formation. Therefore, the ethical issues were paramount and persisted throughout the research. Rassool found the most effective way to address the theoretical research question to the pupils, incorporating the concepts of religion, knowledgeability, social change and individual reflexivity, all provided Rassool the theoretical framework. To generate a common understanding of the purpose of the research, Rossool conducted a seminar with staff involved, which addressed the aims of the research, ethical issues and the purpose of the activities. Other ethical issues, revolved in receiving parental consent and whether this as absolutely necessary, if the activities formed a part of the teaching programme. However, since the ultimate aim is to answer research questions it is crucial that all ethical issues are applied throughout. Critically, however when working with children and young people, it is normal protocol to seek parental consent, especially when conducting research. Rossools research promoted the aims of research; followed ethical standards and promote the values, which are essential for collaborative work, such as mutual respect, trust and fairness. It promoted moral and social values. Research heavily relies on the public to take part in the research and if this cooperation is to continue, then researchers have to keep high ethical standards. Alderson (2004) states public anxiety about the removal of childrens organs without consent, partly for research shows how research ethics, consent and rights may change, especially when children are involved. Similar changes may occur in social research and therefore, it is crucial to gain foresight about social research from the hindsight of medical research. Critically many medical journals refuse to publish these reports that may not have the backing of ethical committee approval and therefore, researchers need to keep abreast of the ethical standards. Gaining ethics committee approval can take time and can protect people who take part in the research and protect them from litigation and criticism. The extent researchers can plan for ethical issue is by involving children and young people and should only be conducted when the research question posed is crucial to the well-being and health of children. Ethics help researchers to be more aware of hidden problems, but do not always provide the right and easy answers. However, a research procedure which is not intended directly to benefit the child subject is not necessarily either unethical or illegal. Such research includes observing and measuring normal development and the use of healthy volunteers in controlled experiments. The participation of children is indispensable and this is because the information available from research on other individuals cannot answer the question posed in relation to the children. Therefore, the study method is appropriate for children and the circumstances in which the research is conducted, provides for the emotional, physical, emotional and safety of the child. The challenges relating to ethical and consent issues involving children and young people in research are numerous and require careful consideration and yet are not insurmountable. Critically, as a priority, researchers must engage with the legal, moral and ethical imperatives offered by UNICEF. As Alderson quoted, that Rights based research involves respect and childrens rights and as part of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in particular. The researcher needs to give diligence to Article 12, and the article due and diligent consideration in its entirety, by respecting the views of the child. Researchers must not only commit to inclusive practices, but also maintain assiduousness in ensuring that children and young people are respected participants in the research process, from selection of methodologies to the dissemination and reporting of results. With these guidelines in mind, children should be offered opportunities to genuinely participate in research. When adults are making decisions that affect children, children have the right to say what they think should happen and have their opinions taken into account. Ethical considerations are paramount in childrens research and management of these considerations can be very influential on the research that is ultimately completed with children and young people. The major issues discussed include, protection and safety versus participation, the role of ethics committees and the impact of consent processes. In summary, negotiating ethics approval and access to children and young people remains a major challenge. More attention needs to be given to facilitating information and understanding participatory research across all groups involved to minimise culture clashes and increase the understanding of the nature of participatory research. As Dennis, 2009 quotes There is one ethical principle that worked differently: all peoples voices should be included in decision making thus those who oppose egalitarianism should not be allowed to make decisions that limit the inclusion of others voices. In this case, there is no way to achieve egalitarian inclusivity with people who would limit the egalitarian and inclusive treatment of others. Thus, the two aspects of this ethical principle do not contradict each other and do not need to be criticised on these grounds. The extent researchers can plan for ethical issue is by ensuring the adoption of methods which are respectful to the children and is also crucial that researchers take ethics seriously. This may mean researchers moving away from traditions that in the past may have considered children as unthinking human beings. Instead, it places the emphasis on respecting children as dynamic people, which makes this method more realistic and productive. This is consequently classed as ethical, as most ethics encourage research methods with children participants. Word Count: /2,500

Telecommuting :: Essays Papers

Telecommuting I found this article to be of great interest to myself because my work and life has revolved around telecommuting for the past several years. As the article indicates, â€Å"a telecommuter is anyone who works at least part of the time at home, in their cars, from clients’ offices, and/or in hotel rooms and telephone booths.† Although the article is somewhat dated (1995 to be exact), I feel that what Robert Moskowitz wrote about telecommuting back in 1995 still applies today. When I chose to go to work for ADP-Automatic Data Processing several years ago, I already had some previous work experience as a telecommuter. At the time, I had no idea that my current position would actually transition itself to a telecommuting position or as I would like to call it now, â€Å"a virtual office position.† As a Software Implementation Consultant, I feel that a telecommuting position has been a viable solution for my employer, for my work responsibilities, and for my overall job satisfaction. With the help of hardware devices such as my laptop computer, pager, cellular phone, voicemail, etc., and software applications such as pcANYWHERE, MS-NetMeeting, MS-Project, MS-Internet Explorer, MS-Office, MS-Outlook, etc., I can accomplish everything from home-or anywhere else for that matter-than being in an actual home office. Because I can be reached during the workweek, virtually anyplace at anytime, and I can work pretty much anywhere at anytime, this requires a lot of responsibility, organization, and dedication to my company and it’s clients. Although it appears that I do have this flexibility in my current position, I do tend to be in my home office one or two times a week for meetings, personal contacts, etc. I feel this is still necessary, so that I don’t loose touch with the company and associates I work with at ADP. Finally, telecommuting has allowed me the independence without the direct supervision to become more productive in my position. I feel most people, including myself, would tend to be more productive if they didn’t have someone looking over their shoulder everyday. But I do realize it takes a special person with a good combination of a strong discipline and a strong work ethic to be an effective telecommuter. My Future: I am sure as technology advances, my current position as a telecommuter will become more efficient in the ways of doing business with my company and with my clients.

Movie Review of Secret (2007 Taiwanese Film) Essay

Casts: * Jay Chou as Ye Xianglun – A music student majoring in piano and lives with his father * Kwai Lun-mei as Lu Xiaoyu – A music student who lives with her mother * Anthony Wong Chau-sang as Xianglun’s father – Xianglun’s father and the discipline teacher at his school * Alice Tzeng as Qing Yi – Xianglun’s classmate who is in love with him * Yuhao Zhan as Yu Hao – A music student and talented piano player, nicknamed â€Å"Prince of the piano†, he had a â€Å"piano battle† with Xianglun Secret is an amazing movie to look at and to listen to. The film tells a â€Å"simple but very beautiful† love story which is tied between past and present. The story, the music, the talent – you’ll really be amazed and be in love with it when you see it yourself. You can’t imagine that it would be magical. It’s a unique story, unpredictable and interesting. What’s more interesting is there is more to it than what meets the eye. Careful attention must be paid to all scenes, or else the story won’t click and the end won’t be as good. Here’s the spoil. Ye Xianglun is a budding musical genius whose way with piano keys makes him a hit with the ladies, and even the guys, who recognize talent when they see it. Ye arrives at Tanjiang Art School and already he’s being watched, but his eyes and heart are immediately stolen by Lu Xiaoyu, an elegant, charming flirt who first happens upon Ye in the school’s aged piano r oom. The two begin a cute, casual romance that’s defined by secrets. Basically, Lu keeps them, starting with her name, then extending them to other things like where she goes, what she does, and why she’s always absent from class. Since she’s so effervescent and attractive, Ye is immediately smitten. Ye has a secret too, but I’ll give it away: his dad is a teacher at the school, and he’s played by Anthony Wong in an amusing performance that’s vintage Wong. Ye also has some friends at school who aren’t as amusing, and even qualify as annoying and bothersome. Some of these characters are played by Chou’s Taiwanese pop music pals. Since this is a Jay Chou (Ye Xianglun) production (besides starring and directing, he penned the original story and contributed the music), it’s only understandable that Chou make room for some of his buddies  as well as his pet obsessions, especially music. Ye becomes the class celebrity when he kicks ass in a â€Å"piano battle†, which is as entertaining as it i s patently manufactured. Basically, Ye outfoxes his opponent on the ivory keys, winning the hearts of the girls and the guys, while still remaining cool and sheepish in that inimitable Ye Xianglun way. Chief among his admirers is the pretty Qing Yi, who starts to crush on Ye big time. But Ye only has eyes for Lu. Or does he? Despite getting along swimmingly with Ye, Lu soon gets the idea that Ye is two-timing her with Qing. This is due to your standard crossed wires and mistaken circumstances, but the misinterpreted event is enough to throw a massive crush-killing wrench into their puppy love. That would probably be a terrible thing to behold if not for the fact that the relationship up until then was hardly inspiring. Ye Xianglun and Lu Xiaoyu have decent chemistry, but the relationship between their characters never seems that deep. There’s a manufactured quality to the dialogue that makes their supposed love a bit unconvincing, and without more acute emotions the film begins to drag. Sadly, part of this is the fault of Ye Xianglun, the actor. Ye possesses a certain likable charm, but his presence hardly screams â€Å"passion.† His demeanor is just too remote; Ye tr ies hard, but he can’t convey a complete range of emotions. Shoring things up, however, is Lu Xiaoyu. When she initially appears, she acts too much like an idealized good girl flirt to be real; it’s like she’s some manufactured idea of what perfect high school romance should be. However, as it turns out, there’s a reason for her bizarre flirtatious behavior, and as the film divulges more of the how’s and why’s, Lu is given a chance to convey emotions that prove heartbreaking. Her screen presence is refreshing and her emotion’s genuinely moving; if Secret manages to affect, Lu Xiaoyu is a large reason why. The revelation of the film’s eponymous secret is what gives Lu the chance to really affect the audience – and yet it’s also when the movie starts to lose its credibility. The mechanism behind the film’s secret is never known, but the logic of how it works is explained explicitly, such that every incident and action in the film needs to fit a set of rules explained by the characters and depicted by the events thems elves. But the film ultimately doesn’t adhere to its convictions, eventually twisting events to fit desired emotions and skirting around the rules that they’ve laid out for us. The film gives us a denouement, but it’s  only touching because it fits some sort of predetermined audience expectation, and not because it surprises or really affects. Some people may be happy with how Secret ends. But does the film earn its ending? I don’t think that it does. At least Secret is a very pretty ride. On artifice alone, the film is aces, serving up beautiful art direction, cinematography and music. Ye Xianglun (Jay Chou) really knows how to compose a tune; the film’s original music is genuinely stirring, and preexisting pieces are well-chosen and evocative of the film’s innocent romantic mood. Secret serves the senses exceptionally well – so much so, that it’s almost tragic when it ultimately throws logic out the window. Ye Xianglun and company have created a nice little valentine, but their desire to give the film more weight eventually leaves it adrift. The film barrels towards its intended goal with little regard for common sense, leaving the audience with nothing besides the pretty pictures and people to shore it up. Amazingly, that gambit is more successful than not, and Lu Xiaoyu (Kwai Lun-mei) practically drags the film across the finish line herself. Without her the film would probably sink beneath its own self-importance, as its manufactured sheen and occasionally miscalculated choices render the film little more than a superficially gorgeous pure love diversion for teen girls and the boys they drag to the cinema along with them. That’ll probably do just fine for most, since â€Å"manufactured diversion† seems to be a standard expectation for many modern moviegoers. Secret will probably score well with its intended teen audience, especially if they take in the film as a single, one-off experience. Further viewings would only reveal the film’s holes to be gaping and perhaps intolerable, but upon first glance, Secret is pretty and polished enough to charm. You should watch it too!

Chanel Analysis Swot, 6 P’s

GAC002 Assessment Event 4: Academic Reseacher Essay| The Fast Food Industry| | | Student’s Name: Alexandra Student ID: QING21632 Teacher: Lynken Ghose Due Date: August 27th 2012 Word Count: 1162 Word Count: 979 Student’s Name: Alexandra Student ID: QING21632 Teacher: Lynken Ghose Due Date: August 27th 2012 Word Count: 1162 Word Count: 979 Question: Define the idea of â€Å"fast food†. How has fast food affected the food industry in China? Has it become a more prevalent or less prevalent force? Would you say its impact has been positive or negative? Please do not offer just a simplistic answer such as – â€Å"positive† or â€Å"negative†.Offer specific reasons including ethical implications, economic implications, and health effect etc. of fast food. With the pace of life speeding up, people increasingly depend on fast food. Many people prefer to eat fast food rather than cook by themselves, because fast food is more convenient and time â€⠀œ saving. In my opinion, people should not depend on fast food too much because fast food’s impact has been negative, as fast food has endangered people’s health, family life, traditional culture, and has even caused ecological change to the environment.Firstly, the safety of fast food ingredients is really worrisome. During the last several years, more and more safety problems of fast food have been exposed by the media. For example, many restaurants add too many preservatives to fast food in order to maintain the freshness of food, or they added varying additives to enrich the taste and look of food. It is really bad for people’s health and many kinds of preservatives and additives are subject to blastomogens, such as tonyred, leavening agent, benzoyl peroxide, and so on.In addition, in order to reduce cost, more and more restaurants choose to use inferior seasonings. For example, industrial salt instead of edible salt is used as seasoning. It is known to us all that the main ingredient of industrial salt is nitrite which is a kind of poisonous and harmful substance and its lethal dose is only 3g (E Hyytia, S Eerola, S Hielm & H Korkeala 1997). Furthermore, some fast food which is subject to acid-forming diet and will lead to the souring of body fluid if people depend on them overly (Cheng, Tsung O. 2004).Then, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and some other elements in our bodies will be neutralized, so more and more children are suffering rickets and other kinds of diseases which are caused by a lack of calcium. Secondly, fast food reduces communication time among family members, so that intimacy is affected. Dinner time is supposed to be a good chance for family members to chat and communicate with each other. After a tiring day of school and the company, children and parents are eager to exchange something interesting or exciting. Not only the time in table, even preparation time and dish washing time should be spent together.Thatâ₠¬â„¢s how family love and happiness is developed. However, with the development of fast food, dinner time has changed into pizza time, coke time and hamburger time. You only need to make a call. They would deliver what you order in fifteen minutes without anytime to enjoy taste of home – made food, the faithful fast food lovers finish the dinner as soon as possible and then take out the remote control, watching football games or soap operas. No wonder parents often complain about strange feelings with children. Thirdly, fast food, especially western fast food, has a negative impact on local traditional culture (Goodman, Peter S. 004). There is no doubt that diet is one part of traditional culture. Take China for example. China is an agricultural country, so Chinese people have always regarded diet as a very important part of life. Chinese people not only care about nutrition, but also love good taste and appearance. As for cooking methods, we can boil, steam, stir, stew and s moke. More importantly, we love quality time when we are sitting with family or friends, chatting and laughing. However, when KFC opened its first restaurant in Beijing on November 12th 1987, traditional culture began to decline.Later, McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Burger King, Subway entered to China one by one, and they changed the younger generations thinking about food. At the very beginning, Chinese people entered KFC because of curiosity. Later the young generation was attracted by fast food culture. They even regard it as a fashion. The traditional dietary culture can’t have a good development without the support of younger generation. Fourthly, fast food industry is harmful to the environment. The main ingredient of western fast food is meat, including pork, beef and chicken.To produce one pound of meat one needs five pounds of grains. The quantity of water used in animal farming is eight times that of in plant farming. That is to say producing meat uses more resource s. When the globe is having more and more population, resources, such as water, soil and grain, are valuable. We should eat less meat and refuse fast food to protect environment. However, it doesn’t mean that fast food has no advantages. Eating fast food is helpful for us to work efficiently, so, so many people still choose eating fast food as often as they can.In addition, many people, especially young people, regard eating in western fast food restaurant as a kind of symbol of taste. Since young people don’t have much money, they can’t afford fancy restaurants. When they eat out, they have to choose between small Chinese restaurants and western fast food restaurants. When they enter these small restaurants, they often see greasy floor and tables, smell smoking air and hear noisy talking. But things are quite different in western fast food restaurants. You will be served with clean floor, warm smile and peaceful environment.That’s why young people would choose to meet friends, review their lesson and surf the Internet there. Because of these factors, western fast food restaurants have become a symbol of style and class. However, their idea goes against the purpose of fast food. Fast food is supposed to save time, but when they are surfing the Internet or chatting with friends, they are wasting too much time. Reference Cheng, Tsung O. 2004. Fast food, automobiles, television, and obesity epidemic in Chinese children. International Journal of Cardiology. 98 (1): 173-174. Goodman, Peter S. 2004.Fast Food Takes a Bite Out of Chinese Culture. Washington Post, December 26. Patricia M Anderson & Xiaohong He (1999), Culture and the Fast – Food Marketing Mix in the People’s Republic of China and the USA: Implication for Research and Marketing: Vol 11. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1: 77 – 95. Available at: http://www. tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10. 1300/J046v11n01_06 E Hyytia, S Eerola, S Hielm & H Korkeala (1997), Sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate in control of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum outgrowth and toxigenesis in vacuum-packed cold-smoked rainbow trout. Online]. Available at: http://journals. indexcopernicus. com/abstracted. php? icid=756375 S Rice, E J McAllister and N V Dhurandhar (2007), International Journal of obesity Fast food: friendly? [Online]. Available at: http://www. nature. com/ijo/journal/v31/n6/abs/0803580a. html Rasooly, Avraham and Herold, Keith E (2006), Biosensors for the Analysis of Food- and Waterborne Pathogens and Their Toxins[Online]. Available at: http://www. ingentaconnect. com/content/aoac/jaoac/2006/00000089/00000003/art00034#aff_2